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Direct identification of continuous second - order plus dead-time model
Describes a direct identification of continuous second - order plus dead-time model
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곡νλΆ, 2021. 2. Si Hyeock Lee.Since one of the major insecticide resistance mechanisms is the enhanced xenobiotic detoxification, characterization of these detoxification factors would facilitate the understanding how insects develop metabolic resistance to insecticides. As the expression of many detoxification gene is inducible by sublethal treatment of insecticides, analysis of the transcriptome profiles of insects treated with a sublethal dose of insecticide has been employed as a general method for identifying the major metabolic factors associated with insecticide tolerance and resistance. In this study, Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM), Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips, WFT) and Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly, CFF) were selected as model insect species. These insects were treated with sublethal amounts of various insecticides, and their transcriptomes were analyzed and compared within and between species to common metabolic factors possibly associated with insecticide tolerance and resistance.
In chapter I, third instar larvae of the P. xylostella were pretreated with sublethal concentrations (LC10) and then subsequently exposed to medium lethal concentrations (LC50) of chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb and spinosad via leaf dipping, their tolerance to insecticides was significantly enhanced. Transcriptome data determined that 125, 143, 182, 215 and 149 transcripts were overexpressed whereas 67, 45, 60, 60 and 38 transcripts were underexpressed following treatments with chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb and spinosad, respectively. When further characterized the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the most notable over-transcribed genes were two cytochrome P450 genes (Cyp301a1 and Cyp9e2) and nine cuticular protein genes. On the contrary, several genes composing the mitochondrial energy generation system were under-transcribed in all treated larvae. These results showed at least in the case of P. xylostella, the common DEGs appeared to be involved in general chemical defense, regardless of the structures and modes of actions of these insecticides, at the initial stage of intoxication.
In chapter II, pretreatment with sublethal concentrations (LC10) of chlorfenapyr, dinotefuran and spinosad, then subsequently treated with medium lethal concentrations (LC50) of the respective insecticide via residual contact vial plus water (RCVpW) method and the pretreatments enhanced the tolerance in F. occidentalis female adult significantly. Transcriptome analysis showed that 404, 386 and 756 genes were up-regulated, meanwhile 124, 107 and 169 genes were down-regulated following the treatment of chlorfenapyr, dinotefuran and spinosad, respectively. Among these, 199 transcripts were commonly up-regulated, whereas 31 transcripts were commonly down-regulated. Most up-regulated transcripts were categorized as basic biological processes, including proteolysis and lipid metabolism. Detoxification genes, such as one glutathione S transferase, three UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, four CYP450s, and one ABC transporter, were commonly up-regulated in all three insecticide-treated groups. RNA interference of five commonly overexpressed genes increased mortalities to all three insecticides, since these three tested insecticides have distinct structures and modes of action, the roles of commonly expressed genes in tolerance were supported and further discussed.
In chapter III, sublethal concentrations (LC10) of chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, ivermectin and spinosad were introduced to D. melanogaster female adults, and subsequently treated these insecticides with medium lethal concentrations (LC50) via topical treatment. Similar with the previous cases, the tolerance to insecticides was enhanced significantly. Transcriptome analysis identified 123, 173, 75, 245, 368 and 145 over-transcribed genes, as well as 137, 108, 202, 83, 59 and 126 under-transcribed genes in chlorantraniliprole-, cypermethrin-, dinotefuran-, indoxacarb-, ivermectin- and spinosad-treatment, respectively. Among these DEGs, 26 and 30 genes were found commonly up- and down-regulated in all insecticide treated groups. The major part of commonly up-regulated genes are immune induced antibacterial peptides, such as attacin-A/C, diptericin A/B, drosocin and immune induced molecule 18, etc. On the other hand, many components of mitochondrial respiratory chain were commonly down-regulated in all treatments. Their roles in general chemical tolerance were discussed.νλ λμ
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Έλ μ΄ν리, CFF)λ₯Ό λͺ¨λΈ μνκ³€μΆ©μΌλ‘ μ μ νμ¬ λ€μν μ΄μΆ©μ λ€μ μμΉμ¬λμΌλ‘ μ²λ¦¬ν ν μ μ¬μ²΄ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λΆμνμλ€. 1μ₯μμλ μμΉ¨μ§λ²μΌλ‘ P. xylostella μ 3λ Ή μ μΆ©μ chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb λ° Spinosad μ½μ λ₯Ό μμΉμ¬λλ(LC10)λ‘ μ μ²λ¦¬ ν ν λ°μμΉμ¬λλ (LC50)μ λ
ΈμΆ μμΌ°μ λ μ΄μΆ©μ μ λν λ΄μ±μ΄ ν¬κ² ν₯μλ¨μ νμΈνμλ€. μ μ¬μ²΄ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb λ° spinosad μ²λ¦¬κ΅°μμ κ³Όλ°νλ μ μ¬μ²΄λ κ°κ° 125, 143, 182, 215 λ° 149κ°μΈ λ°λ©΄, μ λ°νλ μ μ¬μ²΄λ 67, 45, 60, 60 λ° 38 κ°μμ νμΈνμλ€. μ°¨λ³λ°νμ μ μ(DEG) μ€ κ°μ₯ μ μ¬λ μ°¨μ΄κ° μ»Έλ μ μ μλ λ κ°μ μ¬μ΄ν ν¬λ‘¬ P450 μ μ μ(Cyp301a1 λ° Cyp9e2)μ 9 κ°μ ννΌλ¨λ°±μ§ μ μ μμλ€. λ°λλ‘, λ―Έν μ½λ리μ μλμ§ μμ± μμ€ν
μ ꡬμ±νλ λͺλͺ μ μ μλ λͺ¨λ μ²λ¦¬κ΅°μμ μ κ² μ μ¬λμλ€. μ΄ κ²°κ³Όλ P. xylostellaμ κ²½μ°, λλΆλΆμ DEGκ° μ΄μΆ©μ μ ꡬ쑰μ μμ© κΈ°μμ κ΄κ³μμ΄ μ€λ
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2μ₯μμλ μλ₯μ μ΄λ²(RCVpW)μΌλ‘ F. occidentalis μ μμ»· μ±μΆ©μ chlorfenapyr, dinotefuran λ° spinosad μ½μ μ μμΉμ¬λλ(LC10)λ₯Ό μ μ²λ¦¬ν ν λ°μμΉμ¬λλ(LC50)μ λ
ΈμΆμμΌ μ΄μΆ©μ λ΄μ±μ΄ ν¬κ² ν₯μλ¨μ νμΈνλ€. μ μ¬μ²΄ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό chlorfenapyr, dinotefuran λ° spinosad μ²λ¦¬μ 404, 386, 756 κ°μ μ μ μμ λ°νλμ΄ μ¦κ°νκ³ , 124, 107, 169κ°μ μ μ μμ λ°νλμ΄ κ°μνλ€. μ΄ μ€ 199κ°μ μ μ¬μ²΄λ μΈ κ°μ§ μ½μ μ²λ¦¬ μ 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μν₯μ‘°μ λμμΌλ©°, 31κ°κ° νν₯μ‘°μ λμλ€.
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3μ₯μμλ D. melanogaster μμ»· μ±μΆ©μ κ΅μμ²λ¦¬λ²μΌλ‘ chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, ivermectin and spinosad μμΉμ¬λλ (LC10)μ λ
ΈμΆμν¨ ν λ°μμΉμ¬λλ(LC50)λ‘ μ²λ¦¬νμκ³ , μ΄μ μ€νλ€κ³Ό λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘ μ΄μΆ©μ λ΄μ±μ΄ ν¬κ² μ¦κ°νμλ€. μ μ¬μ²΄λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, ivermectin and spinosadμμ κ°κ°123, 173, 75, 245, 368, 145κ°μ κ³Όλ°νλ μ μ μλ₯Ό νμΈνμκ³ , 137, 108, 202, 83, 59, 126κ°μ μ λ°νλ μ μ μλ₯Ό νμΈνμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν DEG μ€ 26κ°μ 30κ°μ μ μ μκ° 6κ° μ΄μΆ©μ λͺ¨λμμ 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μν₯, νν₯μ‘°μ λλ κ²μΌλ‘ λνλ¬μΌλ©°, 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μν₯μ‘°μ λ μ μ μλ attacin-A/C, dptericin A/B, drosocin, immune induced molecule 18 λ±κ³Ό κ°μ νκ· μ± ν©νμ΄λλ₯Ό λ§λλ λ©΄μκ΄λ ¨ μ μ μκ° λλΆλΆμ΄μλ€. λ―Έν μ½λ리μ νΈν‘κ³λ₯Ό ꡬμ±νλ μ μ μλ€μ΄ 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ νν₯μ‘°μ λμμΌλ©°, μ΄λ¬ν μ μ μλ€μ΄ μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ λ΄μ±μ μ΄λ»κ² κ΄μ¬νλμ§μ λν΄ κΈ°μ νμλ€.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I Transcriptomic identification and characterization of genes responding to sublethal concentrations of five different insecticides in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 12
ABSTRACT 12
1. INTRODUCTION 14
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 17
2.1 Diamondback moth stocks and rearing conditions 17
2.2 Determination of insecticide sublethal concentrations and tolerance bioassay 17
2.3 Insecticide treatment and total RNA extraction 19
2.4 Library construction and sequencing 19
2.5 Sequence processing, de novo assembly and annotation 20
2.6 Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis 21
2.7 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 22
3. RESULTS 24
3.1 Determination of insecticide sublethal concentrations 24
3.2 Determination of tolerance following sublethal pretreatment of insecticides 26
3.3 De novo assembly of transcriptome data 28
3.4 DEGs following insecticide treatment 33
3.5 Confirmation of DEG profiles by qPCR 39
4. DISCUSSION 41
4.1 Tolerance induction 41
4.2 GO profiles of DEGs 41
4.3 Commonly over-transcribed genes following the treatment of sublethal doses of insecticides 42
4.4 Commonly under-transcribed genes following the treatment of sublethal doses of insecticides 47
5. CONCLUSIONS 49
CHAPTER II Transcriptomic identification and characterization of genes responding to sublethal concentrations of three different insecticides in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis 50
ABSTRACT 50
1. INTRODUCTION 52
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 57
2.1 Insect strains and rearing 57
2.2 Insecticide treatment using the residual contact vial plus water (RCVpW) bioassay method, determination of sublethal doses, and tolerance bioassay 58
2.3 Insecticide treatment and total RNA extraction 59
2.4 Library construction and sequencing 60
2.5 Sequence processing and annotation 61
2.6 Reference-based differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis 61
2.7 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 62
2.8 dsRNA synthesis 65
2.9 Ingestion RNAi and insecticide bioassay 68
3. RESULTS 69
3.1 Increased tolerance following sublethal pretreatment with insecticides 69
3.2 Transcriptome data analysis 72
3.3 DEGs following insecticide treatment 76
3.4 Validation of DEG profiles by qPCR 94
3.5 Effects of target gene RNAi on the insecticide toxicity 96
4. DISCUSSION 99
4.1 Tolerance induction 99
4.2 GO profiles of DEGs 100
4.3 Comparison of DEG profiles between F. occidentalis and P. xylostella 100
4.4 Commonly over-transcribed genes following treatment with sublethal concentrations of insecticides 102
4.5 Mortality increase in the thrips with representative target genes knocked down 106
5. CONCLUSION 107
CHAPTER III Transcriptomic identification and characterization of genes responding to sublethal concentrations of six different insecticides in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster 108
ABSTRACT 108
1. INTRODUCTION 110
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 114
2.1 Insect strains and rearing 114
2.2 Determination of sublethal concentrations and tolerance bioassay 114
2.3 Insecticide treatment and total RNA extraction 115
2.4 Library construction and sequencing 116
2.5 Sequence processing and annotation 117
2.6 Reference-based differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis 117
2.7 Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 118
3. RESULTS 122
3.1 Determination of insecticide sublethal concentrations and tolerance induction 122
3.2 Transcriptome data analysis 125
3.3 DEGs following insecticide treatment 127
3.4 Validation of DEG profiles by qPCR 135
4. DISCUSSION 142
4.1 Tolerance induction 142
4.2 GO profiles of DEGs 142
4.3 Commonly over-transcribed genes following treatment with sublethal concentrations of insecticides 143
4.4 Commonly under-transcribed genes following treatment with sublethal concentrations of insecticides 148
4.5 Comparison of DEG profiles among D. melanogaster, F. occidentalis and P. xylostella 151
5. CONCLUSION 156
GENERAL DISCUSSION 158
REFERENCE 166
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 181
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 184Docto
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